Resumo
Understanding the activity pattern and the height of capture of birds and bats can help to optimize the sampling of both groups. Our aimed was to determine the rates of capture at different times of day/night, and the overlap in the height of capture; classify the trophic guilds, and check variation in the capture rates of the birds and bats. We conducted the study in the Antimary State Forest, in March, 2017. We set mist-nets at the same location during five consecutive days, and were open between 06:00 h and 00:00 h. The birds presented a bimodal activity pattern, as well as bats. Bats were captured at higher levels than birds. Most of the birds captured were insectivores, where as most of the bats were frugivores. Neither group presented a clear pattern of variation in capture rates. Therefore, the first hours of the morning are fundamental for the capture of birds. For bats, we would recommend the captures only after 17:00 h. Mist-nets should be set at ground level for birds, whereas for bats, they should be set above a height of 0.5 m. Thus, the captures should be optimized.
Referências
- Acre. Governo do Estado do Acre. Programa
- Estadual de Zoneamento EcológicoEconômico do Estado do Acre - ZEE -
- Documento Final. Rio Branco: SECTAMA,
- Appel, G.; López-Baucells, A.; Magnusson, W.
- E.; Bobrowiec, P. E. D. Aerial insectivorous
- bat activity in relation to moonlight intensity.
- Mammalian Biology, v. 85, p. 37-46, 2017.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2016.11.0
- Aquino, M. L. R. S.; Lima, E. R. V.; Silva, Z. A. G.
- P. G. Manejo madeireiro na floresta estadual
- do Antimary, Estado do Acre, Brasil. Revista
- NERA, v. 14, p. 104-135, 2011.
- Bernard, E. Vertical stratification of bat
- communities in primary forest of Central
- Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology,
- v. 17, no. 1, p. 115-126, 2001.
- https://doi.org/10.1017/S02664674010010
- Bernard, E.; Fenton, M. B. Species diversity of
- bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in forest
- fragments, primary forests, and savannas in
- central Amazonia, Brazil. Canadian Journal
- of Zoology, v. 80, no. 6, p. 1124-1140, 2002.
- https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-094
- Blake, J. G.; Loiselle, B. A. Species composition
- of Neotropical understory bird communities:
- Local versus regional perspectives based on
- capture data. Biotropica, v. 41, no. 1, p. 85-
- , 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-
- 2008.00445.x
- Bonter, D. N.; Brooks, E. W.; Donovan, T. M.
- What are we missing with only ground-level
- mist nets? Using elevated nets at a migration
- stopover site. Journal Field Ornithology,
- v. 79, no. 3, p. 314-320, 2008.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.
- x
- Boyes, R. S.; Perrin, M. R. Patterns of daily
- activity of Meyer’s parrot (Poicephalus
- meyeri) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.
- Emu - Austral Ornithology, v. 110, p. 54-65,
- https://doi.org/10.1071/MU09067
- Brandt, M. J.; Cresswell, W. Diurnal foraging
- routines in a tropical bird, the rock finch
- Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis: How
- important is predation risk? Journal Avian
- Biology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 90-94, 2009.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2008.
- x
- Collins, C. T. Food habits and resource
- partitioning in a guild of Neotropical swifts.
- The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 127,
- no. 2, p. 239-248, 2015. https://doi.org/
- 1676/wils-127-02-239-248.1
- Dias, L. C. S.; São Bernardo, C. S.; SrbekAraujo, A. C. Daily and seasonal activity
- patterns of the solitary tinamou (Tinamus
- solitarius) in the Atlantic Forest of
- Southeastern Brazil. The Wilson Journal of
- Ornithology, v. 128, no. 4, p. 885-894, 2016.
- https://doi.org/10.1676/15-157.1
- Duarte, A. F. Hidrometria no Acre: clima,
- medições e informações meteorológicas. Rio
- Branco: Edufac, 2007.
- Duchamp, J. E.; Yates, M.; Muzika, R. M.;
- Swihart, R. K. Estimating probabilities of
- detection for bat echolocation calls: An
- application of the double-observer method.
- Wildlife Society Bulletin, p. 34, p. 408-412,
- https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-
- (2006)34[408:EPODFB]2.0.CO;2
- Erickson, J. L.; West, S. D. The influence of
- regional climate and nightly weather
- conditions on activity patterns of
- insectivorous bats. Acta Chiropterologica,
- v. 4, no. 1, p. 17-24, 2002. https://doi.org/
- 3161/001.004.0103
- Esbérard, C. E. Efeito da coleta de morcegos
- por noites seguidas no mesmo local. Revista
- Brasileira de Zoologia, v. 23, p. 1093-1096,
- https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-
- Faaborg, J.; Arendt, W. J.; Duggcr, K. M. Bird
- population studies in Puerto Rico using mist
- nets: General patterns and comparisons with
- point counts. Studies in Avian Biology, v. 29,
- p. 144-150, 2004.
- Gentry, A. H.; Emmons, L. H. Geographic
- variation in fertility, phenology, and
- composition of the understory of Neotropical
- forests. Biotropica, v. 19, p. 216-227, 1987.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/2388339
- Gilardi, J. D.; Munn, C. A. Patterns of activity,
- flocking, and habitat parrots of the Peruvian
- Amazon. The Condor, v. 100, p. 641-653,
- https://doi.org/10.2307/1369745
- Gorchov, D. L.; Cornejo, F.; Ascorra, C. F.;
- Ascorra, M. Dietary overlap between
- frugivorous birds and bats in the Peruvian
- Amazon. Oikos, v. 74, p. 235-250, 1995.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/3545653
- Kalko, E. K. V. Organization and diversity of
- tropical bat communities through space and
- time. Zoology, v. 101, p. 281-297, 1998.
- Johnson, E. I.; Stouffer, P. C.; Vargas, C. F.
- Diversity, biomass, and trophic structure of a
- central Amazonian rainforest bird
- community. Revista Brasileira de
- Ornitologia, v. 19, p. 1-16, 2011.
- Lövei, G. L.; Csörgõ, T.; Miklay, G. Capture
- efficiency of small birds by mist nets. Ornis
- Hungarica, v. 11, p. 19-25, 2001.
- Marques, J. T.; Pereira, M. J. R.; Marques, T. A.;
- Santos, C. D.; Santana, J.; Beja, P.; Palmerim, J.
- M. Optimizing sampling design to deal with
- mist-net avoidance in Amazonian birds and
- bats. Plos ONE, 8:9, e75505, 2013.
- https//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.00745
- Mello, M. A. R.; Kalko, K. V.; Silva, W. R. Effects
- of moonlight on the capturability of
- frugivorous phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera:
- Phyllostomidae) at different time scales.
- Zoologia, v. 30, p. 397-402, 2013.
- https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702013
- Meyer, C. F. J.; Aguiar, L. M. S.; Aguirre, L. F.;
- Baumgarten, J.; Clarke, F. M.; Cosson, J. F.;
- Villegas, S. E.; Fahr, J.; Furey, D. F. N.; Henry,
- M.; Hodgkison, R.; Jenkins, R. K. B.; Kingston,
- K. G. J. T.; Kunz, T. H.; Gonzalez, M. C. M.;
- Patterson, I. M. B. D.; Pons, J. M.; Racey, P. A.;
- Rex, K.; Solari, E. M. S. S.; Stoner, K. E.; Voigt,
- C. C.; Staden, D.; Weise, C. D.; Kalko, E. K. V
- Accounting for detectability improves
- estimates of species richness in tropical bat
- surveys. Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 48,
- p. 777-787, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/
- j.1365-2664.2011.01976.x
- O’Connor, R. J.; Hicks, R. K. The influence of
- weather conditions on the detection of birds
- during Common Birds Census fieldwork. Bird
- Study, v. 27, p. 137-151, 1980.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/000636580094766
- Oniki, Y.; Willis, E. O. Studies of ant-following
- birds north of the Eastern Amazon. Acta
- Amazonica, v. 2, no. 2, p. 127-151, 1972.
- https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-439219720
- Parmater, F. C. A Southern Hemisphere at the
- equator. Bulletin American Meteorological
- Society, v. 57, p. 1435-1440, 1976.
- https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1976)
- <1435:ASHCFP>2.0.CO;2
- Pereira, M. J. R., Marques, J. T.; Palmeirim, J.
- M. Vertical stratification of bat assemblages
- in flooded and unflooded Amazonian forests.
- Current Zoology, v. 56, p. 469-478, 2010.
- Presley, S. J.; Willig, M. R.; Castro-Arellano, I.;
- Webirdr, S. C. Effects of habitat conversion on
- temporal activity patterns of phyllostomid
- bats in lowland Amazonian rain forest.
- Journal of Mammalogy, v. 90, p. 210-221,
- https://doi.org/10.1644/08-MAMM-A089.1
- R Core Team. R: A language and
- environment for statistical computing.
- Vianna: R Foundation for Statistical
- Computing, 2017.
- Rex, K.; Michener, R.; Kunz, T. H; Voigt, C. C.
- Vertical stratification of Neotropical leafnosed bats (Phyllostomidae; Chiroptera)
- revealed by stable carbon isotopes. Journal
- of Tropical Ecology, v. 27, p. 211-222, 2011.
- https://doi.org/10.1017/S02664674110000
- Reyes-Arriagada, R.; Jiménez, J. E.; Rozzi, R.
- Daily patterns of activity of passerine birds in
- a Magellanic Sub-Antarctic forest at Omora
- Park (55° S), Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve,
- Chile. Polar Biology, v. 38, p. 401-411, 2015.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1596-
- Rollfinke, B. F.; Yahner, R. H. Effects of time of
- day and season on winter bird counts. The
- Condor, v. 92, p. 215-219, 1990.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/1368402
- Rosenberg, G. H. Habitat specialization and
- foraging behavior by birds of Amazonian
- river islands in Northeastern Peru. The
- Condor, v. 92, p. 421-443, 1990.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/1368240
- Rydell, J.; Speakman, J. R. Evolution of
- nocturnality in bats: potential competitors
- and predators during their early history.
- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,
- v. 54, p. 183-191, 1995. https://doi.org/
- 1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01031.x
- Salina-Melgoza, A.; Renton, K. Variation in
- activity patterns of juvenile lilac-crowned
- parrots in tropical dry forest. The Wilson
- Journal of Ornithology, v. 117, p. 291-295,
- https://doi.org/10.1676/04-096.1
- Schaefer, C. E. G. R. Clima e paleoclima do
- Acre: memórias e cenários da aridez
- quaternária na Amazônia e implicações
- pedológicas. In: Anjos, L. H. C.; Silva, L. M.;
- Wadt, P. G. S.; Lumbreras, J. F.; Pereira, M. G.
- (Eds.). Guia de campo da IX Reunião
- Brasileira de Classificação e Correlação de
- Solos. 1. ed. Brasília: Embrapa, 2013. p. 59-
- Schnitzler, H. U.; Kalko, E. K. Echolocation by
- insect-eating bats. BioScience, v. 51, p. 557-
- , 2001. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-
- (2001)051[0557:EBIEB]2.0.CO;2
- Silva, J. P.; Catry, I.; Palmeirim, J. M.; Moreira,
- F. Freezing heat: Thermally imposed
- constraints on the daily activity patterns of a
- free-ranging grassland bird. Ecosphere, v. 6,
- no. 7, p. 1-13, 2015. https://doi.org/
- 1890/ES14-00454.1
- Speakman, J. R.; Rydell, J.; Webb, P. I.; Hayes,
- J. P.; Hays, G. C.; Hulbert, I. A. R.; McDevitt, R.
- M. Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and
- birds in Northern Scandinavia (69° N), during
- continuous midsummer daylight. Oikos,
- v. 88, p. 75-86, 2000. https://doi.org/
- 1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880109.x
- Stahlschmidt, P.; Brühl, C. A. Bats as
- bioindicators: The need of a standardized
- method for acoustic bat activity surveys.
- Methods in Ecology and Evolution, v. 3,
- p. 503-508, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1111/
- j.2041-210X.2012.00188.x
- Stotz, D. F.; Fitzpatrick, J. W.; Parker, T. A. I.;
- Moskovits, D. K. Neotropical birds: Ecology
- and conservation. Chicago: The University of
- Chicago Press, 1996.
- Terborgh, J.; Parker III, T. A.; Munn, C. A.;
- Pierpont, N. Structure and organization of an
- Amazonian forest bird community.
- Ecological Monograph, v. 60, p. 213-238,
- https://doi.org/10.2307/1943045
- Thies, W.; Kalko, E. K. V.; Schnitzler, H. U.
- Influence of environment and resource
- availability on activity patterns of Carollia
- castanea (Phyllostomidae) in Panamá.
- Journal of Mammalogy, v. 87, p. 331-338,
- https://doi.org/10.1644/05-MAMM-A161R1.1
- Trnka, A.; Szinai, P.; Hošek, V. Daytime
- activity of reed passerine birds based on
- mist-netting. Acta Zoologica Academiae
- Scientiarum Hungaricae, v. 52, p. 417-425,
- Verde, R. S.; Silva, R. S.; Calouro, A. M. Activity
- patterns of frugivorous phyllostomid bats in
- an urban fragment in Southwest Amazonia,
- Brazil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, v. 108,
- e2018016, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/
- -4766e2018016
- Voigt, C. C.; Kingston, T. Bats in the
- Anthropocene. In: Vogt, C. C.; Kington, T.
- (Ed.). Bats in the Anthropocene:
- Conservation of bats in a changing world.
- New York: Springer, 2016. p. 1-9.
- Whitman, A. A. Use of mist nets for study of
- Neotropical bird communities. Studies in
- Avian Biology, v. 29, p. 161-167, 2004.
- Willis, E. O.; Oniki, Y. Birds and army ants.
- Annual Review of Ecology and
- Systematics, v. 9, no. 1, p. 243-263, 1978.
- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.09.1101
- 001331
- Wilman, H.; Belmaker, B.; Simpson, J.; De La
- Rosa, C.; Rivadeneira, M. M.; Jetz, W.
- EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging
- attributes of the world’s birds and mammals.
- Ecology, v. 95, no. 7, p. 207-207, 2014.
- https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1917.1
