Abstract
Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex
quinquefasciatus (Say, 1832) mosquitoes are the main vectors of
human malaria and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. This study
aims to analyze the larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal
properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza
sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts against An. gambiae
and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The experiment was conducted in the
laboratory at ambient temperature of 28 °C ± 2 °C and 75% ±
5% relative humidity. The results showed that M. myristica and
C. sumatrensis extracts significantly affect all stages of
An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus tested. The mosquitocidal
toxicity of the two plant extracts is dosage dependent. Anti
larval activity of M. myristica at rate 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L
caused 100% mortality of An. gambiae larvae while it evoked
80% and 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The
same trend of results were also obtained on the anti-pupal and
adulticidal toxicity of M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts. As
larvicides, pupicides and adulticides, the LC50s and LC90s, after
24 h varied across plant extracts and mosquito species.
C. sumatrensis attained LC50 and LC90 at higher concentration
than M. myristica. On An. gambiae larvae, the LC50s after 24 h,
varied from 86.95 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L
(C. sumatrensis). Similarly, the LC90s after 24 h on An. gambiae
larvae, varied from 278.39 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L
(C. sumatrensis). For Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, the LC50s after
24 h , varied from 391.41 mg/L (M. myristica) to 898.20 mg/L
(C. sumatrensis). The seed extract of M. myristica exerted the
best pupicidal activity among the two tested extracts with LC50
and LC90 values of 140.61 mg/L and 520.35 mg/L on
An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with
LC50 and LC90 values of 157.59 mg/L and 781.86 mg/L on
An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to
achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus pupae. On
adulticidal activity, seed of M. myristica exerted LC50 and LC90
values of 122.79 mg/L and 502.99 mg/L on An. gambiae,
respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 215.05 mg/L and 981.25 mg/L on An. gambiae,
respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50%
and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus adults. The two tested
plants can be integrated into pest management programmes to
combat human malaria and lymphatic filariasis vectors breeding
site in Nigeria. I recommend formulation of M. myristica seeds
which have the lowest LC50 and LC90 after 24 h of exposure for
field evaluation.
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